Journal of Research and Health
Volume:4 Issue: 3, Jul-Aug 2014

Although advances in science and technology has many benefits for human life, but it has significant disadvantages, too. The radioactive materials, nuclear energy and their use for non-human issues, hazardous wastes from various industries etc. are the major factors that can be serious threats to human health and modern fetuses’ health who are the next generation of earth habitants. In fact, these factors, along with other factors of environmental pollution have created great troubles for human health on the entire planet. Therefore, obligations, contracts, systems and international regulations for the cross border pollution try to reduce the severity of damages and thereby protect the health of future generations. Through an analytic method, this paper focuses on the hazards of pollution on the health of the fetus, international measures in the form of rules and obligations to support future generations’ health and the need for governmental collaboration on the crisis resolution. The result of the serious pursuit of the case would be strengthening, completing and updating it and a dramatic decrease in the birth of deformed embryos.

Recycling and reuse of municipal solid waste is one of the most important components of waste management. In this regards, education plays an important role in people motivation and changing their behavior. The aim of this study was to identify effect of education on people participation in source separation of municipal solid waste in district 5 of Tehran municipality. In this experimental study, 300 families were randomly selected from this area. These families were divided into three groups including workshops based education; training packages based education and no education. People motivation to participate in source separation of the waste was surveyed using a questionnaire. Results showed that the most important barrier factors stated by workshops and package education groups were time-consuming of separation, lack of space in the apartment, irregular waste collection and ineffectiveness of separation. People encouraging, paying waste charges and providing a healthier environment were the most important of the motivational factors, according to people with education. Education, particularly workshops based education greatly influenced on people motivation and waste separation. The effect of package based education on people participation in waste separation was more than no education group and less than workshops group.

Social confidence is a form of social relationships that means social interaction and action of all people of the society in all political, economic and cultural social different fields. The aim of this study is the sociology survey of students’ social confidence in two teacher training centers (TTC) of Shaheed Sharafat and Bahonar in Tehran and its effective social factors. The study was conducted on two TTC students (573 students) and the samples were 230 students using systematic classification. A researcher made questionnaire was used for collecting the data that its validity and reliability was determined. Different ideas (social capital, social confidence, human relations, behavioral habits, justice, security and so on) have been used in conducting the study and the research main factors have been derived based on them. The results showed that social confidence level on students was on average level and higher and its relationship with some of social factors has been shown by using chi-square and bi-dimensional tables and bar diagram. Frequency tables and diagrams were also used to describe sociology information of the students. A significant relationship was not observed between sex and social confidence variables. The effect of feeling social security and religiosity have been more than the other factors and also feeling of social justice, their social and economic status and trust on social mass medias task has showed a meaningful relationship with the students social confidence level.

Consensus in the international community has grown over the past two years that HIV/AIDS poses a threat to development, security, and economic growth. A few studies over the last ten years have looked at the impact on workers and their employers. With momentum building to prevent new infections and treat those already afflicted, more information is needed to assess economic impacts and cost efficacy of treatments. This paper uses Vector Error Correction Model(VECM) and Johansen cointegration analysis to estimate the effects of HIV on economic growth in Iran from 1990-2009. The results show that there is a long run cointegrating relationship between GDP per capita, total HIV mortality rates and the age dependency ratio. Result showed that an increase of 1% in total HIV morality rates will result in 1.6% decrease in GDP. The results also indicate that a 1% increase in the age dependency ratio leads to a 0.9% decrease in GDP. In general, the outcome of HIV/AIDS has resulted in significant macroeconomic effects, such as a diminution of the monetary resources to promote output expansion as well as a contraction of the labor market due to premature death or disability. In plain sight, HIV/AIDS impacts negatively economic growth by reducing the labor force and potential output, but the main issue is to find out to what extent and how to correct the problem in the least costly and most effective way.

The conflict and spillover between work and family are the threatening factors for nurses’ wellbeing. The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between work-family conflict and spillover with psychological and somatic well being in nurses. This descriptive study was co-relational, and statistical population was the nurses of two public hospitals. Among them 256 nurses were selected using accessible sampling method.‌ Work-family conflict questionnaire (Netemeyer, Boles & McMurrian)‌, work-family spillover questionnaire (Small & Riley), psychological well being questionnaire (Golparvar) and somatic well being questionnaire (Golparvar) were used for data collection. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis by means of SPSS version 18. According to the results, work-family conflict and spillover had negative correlation with psychological and somatic well being. Among work-family conflict components, work-family conflict could explain 13.2 and 9.5 percent of the variance of psychological and somatic well being respectively. Also among work-family spillover components, homework spillover could explain 18.4 percent of the variance of psychological well being and marriage/ companionship spillover could explain 13.3 percent of the variance of somatic well being. The results of current research showed that work-family conflict and spillover could expose the nurses’ psychological and somatic well being with problems. In this regard, it is necessary for nurses to achieve suitable training to manage work-family conflict and spillover.

Hookah use has become popular among adults, especially young students. And this is an important issue for the future of society. More knowledge is needed to examine. This study determination the use of hookah with using the extended parallel process model. Among student in Mashhad has been. This study was a cross sectional research on male student in Mashhad on bachelor education in 91-92 academic years was. A total of 400 male students were participated in this cross sectional study in Mashhad. A sampling method was used in the present study. A questionnaire based on EPPM was used to collect the data. The results showed 30.8% of students in the past two months, have had history of smoking hookah. In this study 74.5% of these students are now friend’s hookah.Also 91.2% of them stated they hookah from friends offered or suggested.The score mean of perceived sensitivity the possibility of adverse outcomes in students smoking hookah (87.3) and much lower among hookah (43.7), respectively.The score mean of Perceived severity at risk students (61.9) and the hookah students (31.4), respectively.The mean score perceived effectiveness in student’s hookah (48.6) lower than students at risk (57.6), and non-hookah (69.4), respectively.The score mean of Perceived self-efficacy Students non-hookah (87.3) above than two groups at risk (81.2) and students use hookah (41.3). Results of this study showed that the rate of perceived susceptibility and perceived severity of undesirable outcome regarding to the hookah was low among the studied population.Generally students in the process control risk Effects of smoking hookah.Therefore recommended applying extended parallel process model and implemented appropriate educational interventions that increase perceived susceptibility and perceived severity Effects of hookah in this group.

The intervention program evaluated through a randomized controlled trial design, on 116 women aged 40-65, based on Intervention Map to increase consumption of calcium rich foods to prevent osteoporosis. Osteoporosis knowledge and stages of change of calcium intake were as the effect variables and frequency of calcium rich foods consumption was as the outcome variable of the intervention. Individuals in the training group (n=61) had a positive, significant progression in calcium consumption stages of change (p< 0.001), whereas no progression in stages occurred in the control group (n=55). After the intervention, the training group demonstrated significant improvements in osteoporosis knowledge and calcium frequency intake, with no significant changes in the control group. The findings revealed that intervention was effective in increasing the participants’ knowledge of osteoporosis and calcium intake in trial group. Intervention mapping provides an explicit theory and data driven guide for intervention development.

Self-medication is a major public health concern worldwide, especially in developing countries where higher rate of resistant bacterial infections persist. The purpose this study was to evaluation HBM Structures to Self-medication Behavior among Elderly. This was a descriptive cross sectional study that was carried out on 180 elderly of Zarandieh city. The samples were selected randomly from 4 health center. Data collection tool was a questionnaire designed based on HBM model and self-medication. Data were analyzed by SPSS software, and with chi-squares, logistic regression. The mean age of respondents was 66.2 ± 4.9 years. Self-medication was the most prevalent among the 60-64 year old and less prevalent among those above 70 years of age. There was a significant relationship, among self-medication, History of chronic diseases, Knowledge, self efficacy, severity, perceived benefits and barriers, and in total 99.4% of elderly kept drugs at home. It is suggested that the findings of present study be used as a basis for interventions designed to behavior change and reduce of self-medication. Keyword: self-medication, Health Belief Model, Elderly

Multiple Sclerosis is a progressive degenerative disease that determined by destruction of myelin in the brain and spinal cord. The disease often happens at beginning of Life and the change body esteem and patient's attitudes toward their self. Based on this study was to examine Evaluation of relationship body esteem with self esteem in patients with multiple sclerosis admitted. This research Study was descriptive Correlations and in this study, 395 patients of the MS Society in Tehran were selected by continuous sampling. Data gathering tool were questionnaire of body esteem that was part of Physical Disability Body esteem Questionnaire and questionnaire of self esteem. For data analysis, SPSS version 16 was used. Results showed that the average and standard deviation of self-esteem of patients was respectively 17/5 ± 53/20. Most patients had moderate self-esteem, and only a small percentage of them (2.16%) had high self esteem. with consideration score of body esteem (3.25) and the overall average score for body esteem (42.25), Patients with multiple sclerosis had a favorable body esteem. The results of the spearman correlation showed that there were between body esteem and self esteem (p<0.001). Regarding that opportune at chronic diseases as MS occurs faster with positive body esteem, increase of self esteem this is the responsibility of nursing that with recognizing factors of related increase patient matching and so be effective at their efficacy and self care.

Background and Social capital and Continuing source of support among the theories that explain the social harms by combining theories of criminology. Evaluate the relationship between social capital and self-esteem and impact on recidivism in prisoners residing in the Prison is the purpose of this study. In this cross-sectional study, 72 male prison inmates in Central prison of Khoy were randomly selected who they had in the history of crime more than once in their case. The social support questionnaire was Fleming, and Self Esteem questionnaire was Cooper Smith. Data was analyzed using ANOVA One-way, Stepwise Multiple Regression and Pearson Correlation coefficient. Mean of age of the sample under investigation was 31.8±6.05. None of the samples under investigation were not a good indicator of social support who had significant relationship (p<0.001). Between self-esteem and re-commit a crime, there was no significant relationship (p=0.288). Regression analysis showed that social support is predictors of recidivism (β=-.47, p<0.001). But the role of self-esteem was not predictor for recidivism. According to with lower levels of social support increase rate of recidivism. Promoting social support between parents and friends lead to decrease recidivism.

Prior research on body composition and physical activity among youth is little and irregular. The purpose of this study comparison of body composition and Physical activity nomadic and urban students.Thus, a population including 119 urban student with the age mean 13/47±. /92, and 125 nomadic student with the age mean 13/95± 1/1selected randomly from chahar mahal bakhtiari province and then, antropometric indices and degree of Physical activity of them were measured. to examine data normality and comparing the difference between two groups in the confident interval of 90% (P < 0.01) we employed Lwin-test and independent- t test using statistical software of spss. Significant difference among lenght (160 and 153 centimeters), sitting length, weight, BMI, WHR, fat persent, fat mass, Fat free mass, sleeping, daily cativity, sport activity and work activity between urban and nomadic students (P < 0.01). Urban student had higher rates in all cases exept for work activity and sport activity than nomadic student (P < 0.01). In nomadic student, correlation was observed between daily activity and the amoount of work with percent of body fat and BMI (P < 0.01). According to findings and importance of this life period, it seems that decision making on problems of this life period needs to comperhesion study in this area, it helps to more awareness of body composition and degree of Physical activity of youths as a result, provide youths with suiatable nutrition and Physical activity programs.

Bread, as a main food of most people around the world, provides major part of energy, protein, and essential vitamins. So, health and quality of consumable bread would be very important. The aim of this study was to assess quality of taftoon bread which was produced in taftoon Gonabad bakeries in 2013. We applied a cross-sectional descriptive study on 140 taftoon breads which were selected by two-stage cluster sampling and assessed their bacterial and fungal contaminations, value of PH, and percentage of salt. The data were gathered using a checklist and were entered in spss (version 18). Analyzing the data, we used frequency tables, mean (standard deviation), and line figures. Our findings showed no bacterial contamination in the sample, while there was 9.3% fungal contamination in the baked breads. Mean (standard deviation) of PH and percentage of salt was 5.92 (0.214) and 1.30 (0.547), respectively. The value of PH in 70.9 % of the breads was in standard interval and percentage of salt in only 7.1% of the breads was more than standard measure. According to our results, 34.3% of the taftoon breads in Gonabad bakeries were unqualified. Our results indicated current situation in production of taftoon bread in Gonabad and would be used by inspectors who supervised the bakeries.

Critical thinking means the ability to evaluate or judge about something. Job satisfaction is positive and pleasure emotion that is result of job evaluation or person experienced. The aim of this study is to examine the relation between critical thinking dispositions and job satisfaction. in this descriptive and cross-sectional study a sample of 271 were selected from Health Team (physician, midwife, health Behvarz) in North Khorasan by Cluster, stratified and simple random sampling. Data were gathered using the California critical thinking disposition and job satisfaction questionnaire. SPSS software, descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation test were used for Data Analysis. The job satisfaction and critical thinking disposition means are (72.16±20.32) (293.76±22.02) respectively. The correlation between them was r=0.12.The correlation between job satisfaction and subtypes of critical thinking are:Truth-seeking (r = 0.037), Open-mindedness (r = 0.079), Analyticity (r = 0.197), self-confidence (r = -. 504), Systematicity (r = -0.022), Inquisitiveness (r = 0.002) and Maturity (r = 0.079). the significant correlation between self-confidence and job satisfaction was statistically significant (p <0.05). The low scores critical thinking and job satisfaction shows the need for immediate intervention to increase critical thinking skills and job satisfaction.